Journal of Health & Medical Economics

Introduction

Whereas aggressive driving mainly causes speed related crashes, aggressive driving may be reduced to improve road safety by identifying aggressive driving behaviour, aggressive drivers’ characteristics and their underlying motivational and psychological processes. Previous studies show that both driving performance and self-reported measures of aggressive driving are effective means to identify aggressive drivers. However, these studies assessed aggressive driving patterns across only a limited number of events, did not relate driver characteristics to aggressive driving in each event, and used chiefly vehicle kinematics variables (e.g., mean speed), but not vehicle dynamics variables (e.g., brake pedal force) which better capture driver reaction and decision making. To address these limitations, this study assessed driver characteristics, self-reported psychological measures, and driving performance measures associated with aggressive driving among 55 drivers’ behaviours in 9 driving events using a driving simulator and survey responses. The results of structural equation models showed that unique aggressive driving patterns and driver characteristics related to aggressive driving vary among different driving events. As such, we recommend road safety policies to reduce aggressive driving based on the findings in this study. One way the legal system helps to maintain a cooperative society is by establishing and enforcing resourcesharing arrangements. These are "resource sharing laws." Four insights emerge from exploring connections between evolutionary psychology and resource-sharing laws. First, our evolved predispositions to act prosaically and to prefer fair division make it easier to use the law as a tool to share resources. Second, the polygyny prohibition illuminates unique contributions resource-sharing laws can make to the other norms and institutions that facilitate sharing resources. Third, the resource sharing challenges that arise in hunting big game, a formative endeavor in shaping human behavior can help to explain the emergence of a predisposition to rely on legal systems to organize social behavior more generally. Fourth, identifying the resource-sharing challenges embedded in market transactions helps to explain the nuanced relationship between prosociality and transactions with strangers. Together these insights demonstrate why law's role as tool to share resources is an important new context in which to explore the role law plays in the development and maintenance of a cooperative society. Using intersectionality as our critical analytical framework, we examined 22 articles on sexual and gender diversity (SGD) published in peer-reviewed psychology journals between January and June 2022 to: (1) Identify their engagement with intersectionality's core themes and (2) Highlight key findings and directions for future intersectional SGD research.

Description

Our review includes 12 theoretical and empirical articles that addressed a breadth of topics such as intersectional stigma/ discrimination, gendered racism, minority stress, and intersectional ableism. This review highlights opportunities within intersectional SGD research in psychology to provide a needed corrective to the discipline's tradition of individualistic; single-axis research focused on predominantly White, cisgender and heterosexual people, and attends to inter sectionality's focus on intersecting power relations and commitments to social justice. Positive psychology is “a science of positive subjective experience, positive individual traits and positive institutions that promises to improve quality of life and prevent the pathologies that arise when life is barren and meaningless”. More than two decades of peer reviewed science on positive psychology topics supports a thriving evidence based practice to assess, develop, and manage the building blocks of well-being and positive functioning. There is now sound experimental evidence showing that Positive Psychology Interventions (PPIs) are efficacious on average, and work well under specific conditions. The next generation of PPIs are being designed to reach beyond Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich and Democratic countries (WEIRD countries) and to focus more on enhancing Diversity, Equity and Inclusion (DEI) and to reach more marginalized and underserved populations. The science and practice of positive psychology is being taught to undergraduates, graduate students, and professionals across the globe. Social behavior is naturally occurring in vertebrate species, which holds a strong evolutionary component and is crucial for the normal development and survival of individuals throughout life. Behavioral neuroscience has seen different influential methods for social behavioral phenotyping. The ethological research approach has extensively investigated social behavior in natural habitats, while the comparative psychology approach was developed utilizing standardized and univariate social behavioral tests. The development of advanced and precise tracking tools, together with post tracking analysis packages, has recently enabled a novel behavioral phenotyping method that includes the strengths of both approaches. The implementation of such methods will be beneficial for fundamental social behavioral research but will also enable an increased understanding of the influences of many different factors that can influence social behavior, such as stress exposure.

Conclusion

Furthermore, future research will increase the number of data modalities, such as sensory, physiological, and neuronal activity data, and will thereby significantly enhance our understanding of the biological basis of social behavior and guide intervention strategies for behavioral abnormalities in psychiatric disorders. Forensic psychology requires the application of psychological knowledge to the law in legal, contractual and administrative matters. Several factors differentiate general clinical practice and forensic practice, including the relationship between the clinician and the person receiving a clinical service, the level of neutrality required in forensic work, and the types of testimony that can be offered by clinical and forensic practitioners. Forensic mental health professionals, including psychologists and psychiatrists, are frequently called to testify as expert witnesses on various psycholegal issues. The educational and training process to become a forensic mental health professional is described briefly.